1,Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) –

is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Treatment includes:

• Insulin therapy (lifelong)
  • Types: Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate or long acting.
  • * Delivery: injections or insulin pump

• Monitor blood glucose –
  • finger-stick measurement or Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

• Control your diet –

number of carbohydrates consumed, choosing a balanced diet, time of meals is consistent.

• Physical activity – regular exercise is beneficial for blood sugar levels.

Educate yourself and/or obtain support for self-management skills – diabetes education, mental health or crisis intervention (e.g. hypoglycemia).

2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-

is a combination of insulin resistance and/or deficiency.

Treatment includes:

1,Lifestyle modifications (1st line)

Weight reduction; healthy diet (artochtonous or low carb), regular physical activity

2,Oral medications

Metformin (1st line)

Sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists

3,Injectable therapies

GLP-1 receptor agonists

Insulin (if no other agents are enough)

4,MonitoringBlood glucose levels, HbA1c every 3–6 months; BP, lipids, kidney function, eye and foot exams

5,Education and behavioural supportive

therapy

3. Gestational Diabetes

Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy.Management includes:

• Diet and exercise Control
  • carbohydrates, planning meals
• Blood glucose testing
• Insulin therapy (if lifestyle, diet, exercise not enough)
• Fetal monitoring
  • To assess growth, infant well-being.
• Additional thoughts
  • Complication management: prevention of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease
  • Immunisation: yearly flu immunisation, hepatitis B, pneumococcal vaccine
  • Psychological support: depression screening, support groups.